From wild animals to divine creatures, cats in ancient Egypt played an important role for thousands of years.
The ancient Egyptians’ special reverence for cats is well documented. Admired for their hunting abilities, the sleek felines achieved divine status, becoming an integral role in the complex tapestry of ancient Egyptian society. Lavish tomb paintings, lofty statues, and intricate jewelry all reflect the Egyptians’ great fondness for cats. In the land of the Pharaohs, cats were pampered, respected, and protected. While the ritual killings of sacred felines were allowed, unprompted murder would be harshly punished, with the culprit sentenced to death.
For centuries, cats in ancient Egypt maintained their esteemed position, recorded by ancient sources in minute detail. Regime changes did not diminish the feline’s position, and regional changes in dominion did not affect the feline’s power. People in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt continued to revere the cat. Even with the arrival of Christianity, the cat lost its prominent position. But with the arrival of the modern age, the dominance of social networks and high-speed communication has restored their status, making the cat feel the center of our society once again.
While cats in ancient Egypt achieved esteemed status, they were not domesticated in the Nile Valley. Instead, the earliest record of the cat’s domestication comes from the Near East, the area known as the Fertile Crescent. It was here that some of the first human civilizations emerged. The Neolithic Revolution turned hunter-gatherers into farmers, and this change was accompanied by new technologies and the emergence of the first complex societies, as settlements gradually turned into cities and then into kingdoms and empires. Food surpluses fueled the development of civilization. However, the large grain stores, which stored precious food stocks, were constantly threatened by a small but persistent enemy — mice, rats, and other pests.
It was here that the cat entered the stage, becoming an indispensable part of human history. Attracted by the rodents, local wildcats slinked into early farming villages. Recognizing their worth, the humans began to tolerate them and even encouraged the newcomers to stay. Slowly, the cat became accustomed to humans. Yet, the crafty feline was never fully tamed, unlike the other important domestic animal — the dog. Indeed, cats in ancient Egypt domesticated themselves, deciding whether to jump into humans’ laps. The earliest evidence of cats and humans living together in close companionship comes from the island of Cyprus, where archaeologicalists unearthed a 9,500-year-old grave of a prehistoric tabby, buried together with her owner. However, the cat reached her highest status beyond the island’s shores, in the land of the Pharaohs — ancient Egypt.
The cat proudly arrived in Egypt on board ancient trading ships around 2,000 BCE. Although foreign to the region, these early cats were not entirely new to the concept of domestication. The Fertile Crescent’s native African wildcat, Felis silvestris lybica, had been “domesticated” by local farmers. Ancient Egyptians deeply depended on the fertile land of the Nile, providing essential resources for the growth of civilization. Cats kept the crucial crops safe from rodents, becoming an integral part of agriculture. However, the duties of cats went beyond simply dealing with mice and rats. They also hunted snakes, many of which were venomous, and scorpions, keeping the people safe. The ancient Egyptians admired the cat’s other qualities, such as the mother cat’s fierce protection of her offspring and her graceful posture. Thus, it is not surprising that the cat’s status not only continued but flourished, with the sleek feline turning into a divine creature, integral to the divine landscape.
The artistic depictions of cats in ancient Egyptian tombs and artifacts provide a fascinating glimpse into the evolving relationship between humans and cats. In the early artistic representations, such as those found in the tomb of an official named Nebamun during the 21st century BCE, a cat is depicted in a familial role, protecting the home and its occupants.
From around 1450 BCE onward, the artistic portrayal of cats becomes more nuanced. Scenes, especially those from Thebes, the capital of the New Kingdom era, showcase cats engaging in more complex behaviors. Some show cats approaching a group of birds, illustrating their hunting instincts. The attention to detail, like the curling tail and focused gaze, captures the essence of a cat in the midst of a stealthy approach.
As cats became more integrated into households, the artistic representation evolved to depict them in intimate domestic settings. Cats are shown sitting near or under their owner’s chair, emphasizing their close companionship. The scenes convey not only the practical roles of cats in hunting and protecting but also their emotional connection with humans.
Moreover, the symbolic meanings attributed to cats in ancient Egyptian art are intriguing. For example, a cat depicted eating fish in front of the owner’s chair might symbolize the feline’s connection with femininity and fertility, complementing the established mythic motifs of dogs representing masculinity and aggression.
This intricate representation of cats in ancient Egyptian art reflects the multifaceted nature of the human-cat relationship, encompassing practical utility, emotional bonds, and symbolic meanings. The cat’s adaptability, whether in hunting, sitting at the owner’s side, or engaging in symbolic acts, highlights its significance in the daily lives and beliefs of ancient Egyptians.
The evidence for the strong connection between felines and the sacred bonds of ancient Egyptian households is well-documented in the stelae found between the pylons and beyond the hallowed halls of temples. One of the most remarkable instances dates back to around 1350 BCE, during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III’s eldest son, Crown Prince Thutmose. In a testament to the reverence and esteem given to these feline companions, Thutmose commemorated the life of his cherished cat in a beautifully adorned limestone stela.
Named Taa-Miu, which translates to “The Female Cat,” she was depicted in a regal manner, seated with grace and adorned with a ceremonial collar. The stela not only captures her physical beauty but also emphasizes her spiritual significance through a stylized depiction of a divine tail. The text accompanying the portrayal affirms Taa-Miu’s exalted status, claiming that she is blessed among the imperishable stars.
Thutmose, seeking to honor Taa-Miu even in the afterlife, conducted elaborate funerary rituals, including the provision of meat and other offerings. The inscription on the stela proudly declares, “I myself am placed among the imperishable stars that are in the sky, for I am Taa-Miu, the Triumph of the Land.”
This sacred feline’s inclusion in the noble afterlife highlights the profound bond between humans and cats in ancient Egypt. The stela, adorned with scenes of cats crossing into the celestial realm, underlines the belief in their divine connection and the eternal nature of their spirits. The stelae not only serve as tributes to cherished feline companions but also as a testament to the spiritual significance and elevated status that these cats held within their households and the broader Egyptian society.
Indeed, the linguistic nuances in ancient Egyptian reveal the special place that cats held in their society. While there were more than one term for a cat, such as “miu” or “miit,” meaning “he or she who mews,” some names went beyond mere descriptors. Notable examples include the name “Tomicat” or “He who belongs to the cat,” associated with the goddess Bastet.
These names go beyond simple identification; they reflect a deeper connection and reverence for the feline companions. The choice of names, including those with divine connotations like Tomicat, suggests a recognition of the cat’s elevated status, possibly linking them to the sacred and the divine.
It’s also intriguing to consider that ancient Egyptians may have engaged in a form of early domestication, selecting and breeding cats with desirable traits. The association of cats with divinity and their roles in protecting households and agricultural resources likely contributed to the Egyptians’ admiration for these animals.
While domestication is a complex process that involves various factors, including human intervention in breeding, it seems that the ancient Egyptians developed a unique bond with cats that went beyond mere utility. The linguistic evidence, along with the depictions of cats in art and their roles in daily life, reinforces the idea that cats were not just domesticated animals but revered members of ancient Egyptian households.
Absolutely, the reverence for cats in ancient Egyptian religion and culture is evident in the various deities associated with feline qualities. While Sekhmet was indeed a lioness-headed goddess, her characteristics also included ferocious protective instincts, much like a lioness. She was often depicted as a powerful and sometimes wrathful deity, emphasizing both the nurturing and fierce aspects of a lioness.
Sekhmet’s role as the daughter of the sun god Ra and her association with war and healing showcases the multifaceted nature of the divine feline. Her image as a lioness served as a symbol of protection, especially against enemies and illnesses. The lioness, with its strength and hunting prowess, was a fitting representation of the powerful and assertive qualities attributed to Sekhmet.
On the other hand, the goddess Bastet, often depicted as a lioness or with a lioness head, was another significant feline deity. Unlike Sekhmet’s association with war, Bastet was more closely tied to home, fertility, and protection. She was considered a guardian of the home and a symbol of domesticity.
The Egyptians held cats in high regard not only for their practical roles in controlling pests but also for their symbolic and spiritual significance. The lioness, as represented by Sekhmet and Bastet, embodied qualities that the Egyptians both admired and sought in their deities—strength, protection, and a nurturing presence.
The deep connection between ancient Egyptians and their feline companions extended beyond mere worship; it became an integral part of their cultural identity and spiritual beliefs, contributing to the enduring fascination with cats in Egyptian history.
Indeed, the association between Bastet and domestic cats in ancient Egyptian culture evolved over time, reflecting the changing roles and perceptions of cats within society. Bastet’s initial connection to Sekhmet, the lioness-headed goddess, transitioned into a distinct deity with feline attributes, often depicted as a domestic cat or with a lioness head.
Bastet’s transformation from a lioness war goddess to a goddess of home, fertility, and protection aligned with the Egyptians’ increasing appreciation for the qualities of domestic cats. The cat, once seen as a hunter and guardian of households, became a symbol of familial warmth and safeguarding.
As a goddess of protection, Bastet was invoked by individuals seeking her favor, especially for safeguarding homes and families. Cats, associated with Bastet, were considered guardians against evil spirits and misfortune. The reverence for cats as protective beings extended to various aspects of life, including the home and its inhabitants.
The depiction of the Gayer-Anderson’s cat, a bronze statue currently housed in the British Museum, showcases the luxurious adornment attributed to the cats that were considered sacred. The intricate jewelry, including collars and earrings, reflects the high regard in which these feline companions were held. The cat’s association with gold and other precious materials emphasized their significance in the eyes of the ancient Egyptians.
This evolution from the fierce lioness goddess Sekhmet to the benevolent and protective cat goddess Bastet illustrates the dynamic nature of Egyptian religious beliefs and their reflection of societal attitudes towards animals. Cats, in particular, held a special place in the hearts of the ancient Egyptians, symbolizing both strength and nurturing qualities.
The Temple of Bubastis, dedicated to the goddess Bastet, was one of the most significant centers of the Bastet cult in ancient Egypt. Located on the Nile Delta, the temple played a central role in the worship of Bastet and the festivities associated with the goddess. The city itself, known as Bubastis or Per-Bastet, served as a major religious and cultural hub.
The annual festival of Bubastis, celebrated with great enthusiasm, drew devotees and pilgrims from various regions. The festival was a vibrant and lively event, marked by processions, music, dance, and feasting. It was a time of joyous celebration, where people came together to honor Bastet and seek her blessings.
One of the most notable aspects of the festival was the journey of devotees traveling by boat along the Nile to reach Bubastis. The river journey, accompanied by festivities and communal revelry, added a sense of grandeur to the pilgrimage. The festival provided an opportunity for people to express their devotion to Bastet and participate in the shared religious experience.
The city of Bubastis itself was adorned with splendid temples, including the main temple dedicated to Bastet. The sanctuary housed the sacred statue of the goddess, and it was a focal point for religious activities and rituals performed by priests and devotees. The temple complex also featured areas for offerings, ceremonies, and processions.
Bubastis became a symbol of the deep connection between the Egyptian people and the goddess Bastet. The feline deities, including domestic cats and lionesses, were revered for their protective qualities, and the festival at Bubastis was a manifestation of the collective reverence for Bastet and her sacred animals.
The festival of Bubastis continued for centuries, and its impact on Egyptian culture and religious practices was profound. The prominence of Bastet and the celebration of her festival highlight the dynamic nature of ancient Egyptian beliefs and the importance of feline symbolism in their religious worldview.
While the instinctual act of cat killing was prohibited, thousands of felines were ritually sacrificed in one of Bastet’s main temples. Specially designated cat areas within the temple grounds served socially bred themes to be used as offerings. The sacrificial cats in ancient Egypt would then be mummified and buried in the nearby cemetery, contributing to the godly essence.
These cat cemeteries thrived beyond the common burial practices, demonstrating social hierarchy within the godliness. Cats were chosen over other animals, manifesting their revered status. The elaborate cat burials revealed an unprecedented level of devotion, with 19th-century excavations unearthing countless cat mummies wrapped in ornamental coverings. Other feline remains showed signs of societal elevation or ceremonial significance, exemplified by artifacts like Thutmose’s sculpted Tabby-Ti. The demand for these sacred creatures was so pervasive that the British began exporting cat mummies to England, with a shipment exceeding 180,000 in a single consignment.
Not all cats subscribed to a violent feline behavior before their mummification. In ancient Egypt, many cats were revered as companions, bonded with their human counterparts. According to the “Book of the Dead,” owners believed they would reunite with their feline protectors in the afterlife. Others buried their beloved companions in dedicated pet cemeteries, where archaeologists have discovered well-cared-for cats that had often outlived old age.
Hierodotus recorded the sorrow caused by the loss of a favorite pet. After a cat died a natural death, all the household members would shave their eyebrows as a sign of grief. Another report informs us of Egyptians caught in a burning building who prioritized saving their cats before attempting to put out the fire.
Cats in Ancient Egypt After the Pharaohs
Ancient Egyptian devotion to the cat was so great that the fondness for feline companions transcended the bounds of their domesticated nature. In 525 BCE, the Persian king Cambyses II invaded Egypt, seeking control over the fertile Nile Delta. The Egyptians, known for their deep reverence for felines, especially the goddess Bastet, faced little resistance, allowing the Persians to exploit the Egyptians’ greatest weakness—their love for cats. The Persians rounded up various animals, including cats, in front of the sacred city of Per-Bastet, aiming to undermine Egyptian morale.
This captivating tale unfolds as a legendary epic. Yet, following the Persian victory, the Persians took hold of Egypt. While the Egyptians reasserted their control centuries later, their power began to decline. Only with the arrival of Alexander the Great and the foundation of the Hellenistic Alexandria did Egypt again become a great power. The Ptolemies ruled as the pharaohs, with Greek settlers integrating with the locals in the adaptation of ancient Egyptian customs. The cult of Bastet reemerged, particularly under the Ptolemies, with Greek settlers joining the natives in the worship of sacred felines. Even under the Romans, who conquered and annexed Egypt in 30 BCE, the reverence for miniature lions persisted. Only with the rise of Christianity, becoming the main religion across the entire Roman Empire in the fourth century CE, did the ancient tradition to an end. Departing from their lofty status, cats in ancient Egypt were once revered as guardians of humans from various perils.
In the following centuries, the sleek and crafty felines gracefully conquered the entire world, reaching even the barren shores of Antarctica. Then, they leapt Earth’s orbit, venturing into space. With the advent of modern technologies and high-speed communication, cats have taken control of the internet, becoming the protagonists of countless memes, Instagram photos, and YouTube videos. Embracing the roles of content creators, influencers, and video stars, they have pervaded platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and even TikTok.
Perpetuating the legacy of their ancient Egyptian ancestors, these contemporary cats, now internet celebrities, echo the achievements of their distant feline relatives. The parallels between the revered status of cats in ancient Egypt and their current online dominance suggest that the feline’s legacy has indeed transcended time, evolving into a new form that aligns with the digital age.
