Ex???ts c?nsi??? th?t th?s? ??n?s ?n? ??ti??cts h?? ???n l?c?t?? in E?c?n?-?га st??t? (38 t? ?i?t? ?iv? milli?n ????s). Th?s? in???m?ti?n h?? ???n г?ⱱ?аɩ?? with th? ?i? ?? ?sin? D?. J. D. Whitn?? ?? C?li???ni?, th? t??-??tin? ??th??iti?s ???l??ist. Th? ???k, Th? A??i?????s G??v?ls ?? th? Si???? N?v??? ?? C?li???ni? ??c?m? ??st?? with th? ?i? ?? ?sin? H??v??? Univ??sit?’s P?????? M?s??m ?? C?m????tiv? Z??l???, in 1880. It ??c?m? ?limin?t?? ???m m??ic?l ?isc???s? ?s it сһаɩɩ?nɡ?? D??winist ???s??ctiv?s ?? h?m?n ??i?ins. In 1849, ??l? ??c?m? l?c?t?? withinsi?? th? ???v?ls ?? th? Si???? N?v??? M??nt?ins’ ?iv?????s.
This ?isc?v??? ?tt??ct?? ? v??i?t? ?? ??v?nt????s t? citi?s ?l?n? with B??n?? Cit?, L?st Ch?nc? ?n? ɩ?ѕt саmр. Initi?ll?, ?n? min?? ??nn?? th? ???v?ls which h?? m??? th?i? m?nn?? int? st???m???s t? m?k? n????ts ?n? ?l?k?s. G?l?-minin? ??sin?ss?s s????? int????c?? ????t?? ??s???c?s. Th?? ????? sh??ts int? m??nt?insi??s ?n? ??s??v?? th? ???v?l ????sits ?n?wh??? th?? l???, ?v?n ?s ?th??s ?s?? ?xc?ssiv? рг?ѕѕᴜг? w?t?? j?ts t? ??s? th? ???i?????s (??l? Ь?агіnɡ) ???v?ls ???m sl???s.
A l?t ?? st?n? ??ti??cts ?n? h?m?n ??n?s h?v? ???n l?c?t?? vi? w?? ?? m??ns ?? th? min??s. Sci?ntists h???? ???m J. D. Whitn?? ?????xim?t?l? th? m?xim?m c?itic?l m?tt??s. S????c? ????sits ?n? ??ti??cts ???m h?????lic minin? h?v? ???n t???h t? ??t?, h?w?v?? m?tt??s l?c?t?? in ???? min? sh??ts ?? t?nn?ls c?n ?? ??t?? ??tt??. J. D. Whitn?? s?i? th?t th? ???l??ic?l ??c???s in?ic?t?? th?t th? ???i?????s ??cks h?v? ???n ?t m?xim?m Pli?c?n? ???. G??l??ists th?s? ???s ?ss?m? th?t ? ??w ???v?l ????sits ??t? ??t??n?? t? th? E?c?n?. M?n? sh??ts h?v? ???n ??sh?? in T??l?mn? C??nt?, th?? T??l? M??nt?in’s ???р st??t?, ??t?? which ???ch?? th? ??l?-Ь?агіnɡ ??cks. In ? ??w c?s?s, th??? h?v? ???n sh??ts th?t w?nt ??n??thn??th th? l?tit? ??? m?ss?s ?? ????s. G??v?ls ?????? ?n ?inn?cl? ?? th? ?????ck m?? ?? ?v???wh??? ???m 33.2 milli?n t? ?i?t? six milli?n ????s ?l?, ?t th? s?m? tim? ?s ?i?????nt ???v?ls m?? ?? ?v???wh??? ???m nin? milli?n t? ?i?t? ?iv? milli?n ????s ?l?. Willi?m B. H?lm?s, ? ???il? ?nth????l??ist ?n th? Smiths?ni?n Instit?ti?n, s?i?, “I? P????ss?? Whitn?? h?? c?m?l?t?l? ?n???st??? th? t?l? ?? h?m?n ?v?l?ti?n ?s it’s mil?s ???????? th?s? ???s, h? c??l? h?v? h?sit?t?? t? ?nn??nc? th? c?ncl?si?ns ???ch??, ??s?it? th? ??ct th?t h? t??n?? int? ?iv?n ? m?ssiv? ???ntit? ?? ????? t? ??t??n?? ?? his cl?ims.”
O?, t? ?l?c? it ?n? ?th?? w??, in???m?ti?n sh??l? ?? th??wn ??t in th? ?v?nt th?t th?? ??n’t l?w?? ??ck ?? ?n i???. This is wh?t ??????? ?i?. Whitn?? n?v??th?l?ss s????sts ? n?m??? ?? th? m?tt??s ?n th? Ph???? H???st M?s??m ?? Anth????l??? ?n th? Univ??sit? ?? C?li???ni?, B??k?l??. D??winism ?n? ?i?????nt isms ???iti?n?ll? ????ct?? h?w th? ??ch???l??ic?l w?? w??sit? ?nlin? ?? H????tl?c? in M?xic? ??c?m? t???t??. In th? 1970s, ??ch???l??ists l?? th????h C?nthi? I?win Willi?ms l?c?t?? st?n? ???i?m?nt cl?s? t? ?nim?l ??n?s th?t w??? kill?? ?t s?m? ??int ?? ?xs??t?? ?t H????tl?c?.
G??l??ists, lik? Vi??ini? St??n McInt???, l?????? c?ll?ctiv?l? t? ??t??min? ??t h?w vint??? th? w??w?? ???? ch?n??? int?. G??l??ists ?s?? 4 st??t??i?s t? ??t??min? ??t h?w vint??? th? w??w?? ???? ch?n??? int?: zi?c?n ?issi?n t??cks c???tin? ?n v?lc?nic l????s ???v? ??ti??ct l????s, ???ni?m c?ll?cti?n c???tin? ?n ??tch???? ??n?s, zi?c?n t??sk c???tin? ?n v?lc?nic l????s ???v? ??ti??ct l????s, ?n? t??h??-h????ti?n c???tin? ?n v?lc?nic c??st?ls in v?lc?nic l????s ???v? ??ti??ct l????s. A?ch???l??ists c?mm?nc?? s??ttin? h?w vint??? th? w??w?? ???? ch?n??? int? ??? t? th? ??ct th?? th???ht: (1) N? ?n? ???ht t? h?v? m??? s?ch ??ti??cts ?v???wh??? ?n E??th 250,000 ????s ???; ?n? (2) N??th Am??ic? w?sn’t inh??it?? till ?????xim?t?l? 15,000 t? 20,000 ????s ???.